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Antigravity Bibliography - 2
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF HOOPER'S GRAVITY-ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING CONCEPT
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lewis Research Center,
Cleveland, OH. MILLIS, MARC G. WILLIAMSON, GARY SCOTT JUN. 1995 12 PAGES
Presented at the 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, San Diego CA,
10-12 Jul. 1995; sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE NASA-TM-106963
E-9719 NAS 1.15:106963 AIAA PAPER 95-2601 Avail: CASI HC A03/MF A01
Experiments were conducted to test assertions from Patent 3,610,971, by
W.J.Hooper that self-canceling electromagnetic coils can reduce the
weight of objects placed underneath. No weight changes were observed
within the detectability of the instrumentation.
More careful examination of the patent and other reports from Hooper
led to the conclusion that Hooper may have misinterpreted thermal effects
as his 'Motional Field' effects. There is a possibility that the claimed
effects are below the detection thresholds of the instrumentation
used for these tests.
CASI Accession Number: N95-28893
I have two problems with the methodology used by the NASA scientists in
the above experiment.
First -- The amount of ampere-turns used in the NASA experiment was
substantially lower than the amount used by Hooper. Hooper found that
his effect increased in proportion the square of the current. If you
were motivated to verify that the Hooper effect exists, would you not
try to conduct the experiment with MORE current, rather than less?
Second -- NASA conducted it's tests by energizing the coils and making
measurements in an immediate on-off mode, rather than letting things
run for a while as Hooper did. NASA's reason for doing this was to
avoid errors due to thermal effects. This makes sense. But what does
not make sense is that if you are trying to verify an original experiment
and you make changes, you have an obligation to also conduct the
experiment in it's original mode. To do otherwise is bad science.
But what could be wrong with testing things in an immediate on-off mode?
Well, it can be seen in other experiments that a gravitational effect
sometimes results from macroscopic spin alignment of the quantum
angular momentum of a large number of microscopic particles. It has
been demonstrated in other experiments that it takes time for these
particles to come into alignment. For example in the inventions of
Henry Wallace it sometimes took minutes for the "kinemassic" gravito-
magnetic field to fully manifest itself. The reason that it takes time
for particles to come into alignment, could be much the same reason that
it takes time to permanently magnetize a magnet. Wallace found that the
"kinemassic" effect occurs with elemental materials which have a component
of unpaired spin in the atomic nucleus. This includes all common isotopes
of copper, which of course is the material used in Hooper's coils.
Incidently, NASA essentially has an economic monopoly in the
lucrative market for microgravity materials research.
-- Robert Stirniman
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The Hooper effect can be readily demonstrated in the "Two Moving
Magnets Experiment". In this experiment, magnetic flux is provided by
equal strength opposite pole magnets, moving uniformly in opposite
directions. The induced motional electric field that is generated
in a conductor, is found to be twice that which would result from
a single magnet, while remarkably, the sum of the magnetic B field
is zero. This experiment is easy to setup and verify in any electronics
laboratory with a pair of magnets, a wire, and a voltmeter. In fact,
you may wrap the conductor, in electrostatic or magnetic shielding,
and find the same result.
-- Nils Rognerud
Oleg Jefimenko, "Causality, Electromagnetic Induction, and Gravitation",
Electret Scientific, Star City, (1992)
Oleg Jefimenko, "Force Exerted on a Stationary Charge by a Moving
Electric Current or a Moving Magnet", American Journal of Physics,
Vol 61, pages 218-222 (1993)
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Apparently, there are some VERY interesting clues to the nature of the
universe that are related to the phenomenon of SPIN. It might get very
interesting if someone were to make a project of assembling in one place
all the information that has been observed, alleged, suspected, or
speculated about concerning unexpected effects related to spin, along
with all the traditional Newtonian results, stir, add some seasoning,
and see what comes out.
For example, in quantum mechanics, if you want to measure the spin axis
of an electron, you do an experiment in which you ASSUME an axis, make a
measurement of the correlation (the dot product) of that axis with
the actual axis of spin for that electron, and theory says you can
determine at least how close your guess was.
It was a major surprise for the first expermienters with this to find that
the guess was always right: whatever spin axis you assume turns out to be
correct, exactly dead accurate. You must be a VERY good guesser. Out of
this experimental result came the concept of "isospin". Which in itself
is kind of weird in that objects with zero radius can still exhibit spinx.
But I find the idea that the spin is wherever you guess it might be to be
even weirder and to need a better model that predicts this result.
-- John Sangster
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Paper: gr-qc/9311036
From: jaegukim@cc.kangwon.ac.kr
Date: Tue, 30 Nov 93 13:47:52 +0900
Gravitational Field of a Moving Spinning Point Particle,
by Jaegu Kim, 7 pages,
The gravitational and electromagnetic fields of a moving charged
spinning point particle are obtained in the Lorentz covariant form
by transforming the Kerr--Newman solution in Boyer--Lindquist
coordinates to the one in the coordinate system which resembles the
isotropic coordinates and then covariantizing it. It is shown that
the general relativistic proper time at the location of the particle
is the same as the special relativistic one and the gravitational
and electromagnetic self forces vanish.
Jaegu Kim, "Gravitational Field of a Moving Point Particle", Journal
of the Korean Physical Society, Vol 27 No 5, Oct 94, Pages 484-492
Jaegu Kim, "Gravitational Field of a Moving Spinning Point Particle",
Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol 27 No 5, Oct 94, Pages 479-483
In the above papers, Dr. Kim derives solutions for the Einstein-Maxwell
equations for: a charged massless point particle, a point particle having
mass but no charge, a point particle having mass and charge, a massless
point particle with charge and spin, and finally -- a point particle having
charge, mass, and spin. He determines that there is a region of space
around a charged spinning mass in which the gravitational force is negative.
The ability to generate a negative gravity effect may come as no surprise
to experimenters who have worked with Bose-Einstein condensates, superfluids,
or superconductor material in which the angular momentum of quantum level
particles can become aligned along a "macroscopic" spin axis. And it is
probably also not a surprise to those who have looked at devices such as
the inventions of Henry Wallace, in which a macroscopic body is mechanically
spun at high speed in order to cause a "kinemassic" gravito-magnetic field
due to spin alignment of the nucleus of elemental materials having an odd
number of nucleons (un-paired spin).
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Paper: GR-QC/9504023
Date: Mon, 17 Apr 1995 10:43:50 +0900
Title: Pure spin-connection formulation of gravity and classification
of energy-momentum tensors
Author: Mathias PILLIN
Report-no: YITP/U-95-12
It is shown how the different irreducibility classes of the
energy-momentum tensor allow for a pure spin-connection formulation.
Ambiguities in this formulation especially concerning the need for
constraints are clarified.
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From: R.Bursill@sheffield.ac.uk (R Bursill)
Subject: Hi Tc SC and gravitational shielding
Date: Fri, 6 Oct 1995 03:14:41 GMT
Is anyone familiar with the experiments in Tampere Finland, by
Podkletnov et al on weak gravitational shielding from a Meissner
levitating, rotating disk of high-Tc superconducting material?
The paper is: E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, Physica C 203 (1992) 441.
E. Podkletnov and A. D. Levit have another paper now, a Tampere
University of Technology report, January 1995 (Finland),
the experiment having being repeated (I assume no one
believed it the first time?).
In the 1st experiment a 5 g sample of silicon dioxide was found
to loose around 0.05 % of its weight when placed at a distance of
15 mm from the SC disk. The SC disk had diameter 145 mm and thickness
6 mm. Under rotation of the disk the effect increased up to 0.3 %.
In the 2nd experiment samples of different composition and
weight (10-50 g) were placed at distances of 25 mm to 1.5 m from
the disk. The mass loss went as high as around 2 %.
I found out about this through a theoretical preprint by Giovanni
Modanese, a Von Humboldt Fellow from the Max Plank institute. The
preprint no. is MPI-PhT/95-44, May 1995. A colleage got it from
hep-th@babbage.sissa.it, paper 9505094. Modanese thinks that it is
something to do with the bose condensate from the SC interacting
with the gravitational field. He uses some non-perturbative quantum
theory on the Regge lattice to attempt to understand the effect.
Must be a little bit like explaining cold fusion with the standard
tools - couldn't be done. We all know what happened to cold fusion
but at the time a professor from my department said in a public
lecture that the product of the believability and the potential
importance if true was of order 1.
- Robert Bursill
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E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, "A Possibility of Gravitational
Force Shielding by Bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor",
Physica C 203 (1992) pp 441-444.
E. Podkletnov and A.D. Levi, "Gravitational Shielding Properties
of Composite Bulk YBa2Cu3O7-x Superconductor Below 70 C Under
Electro-Magnetic Field", Tampere University of Technology report
MSU-95 chem, January 1995.
HEP-TH/9505094
Theoretical analysis of a reported weak gravitational shielding effect
Author: G. Modanese (Max-Planck-Institut, Munich)
Report-no: MPI-PhT/95-44 May 1995
Under special conditions (Meissner-effect levitation and rapid
rotation) a disk of high-Tc superconducting material has recently
been found to produce a weak shielding of the gravitational field.
We show that this phenomenon has no explanation in the standard
gravity theories, except possibly in the non-perturbative quantum
theory on the Regge lattice. More data, and independent repetitions
of the experiment are however necessary.
ABSTRACT SUPR-CON/9601001
From: Modanese Giovanni
Date: Wed, 17 Jan 1996 21:54:45 +0100 (MET)
Updating the analysis of Tampere's weak gravitational shielding experiment
Author: Giovanni Modanese
Report-no: UTF-367/96
The most recent data about the weak gravitational shielding produced
in Tampere by Podkletnov and coworkers through a levitating and
rotating HTC superconducting disk show a very weak dependence of the
shielding value ($\sim 1 \%$) on the height above the disk. We show
that whilst this behaviour is incompatible with an intuitive
vectorial picture of the shielding, it is consistently explained by
our theoretical model. The expulsive force observed at the border of
the shielded zone is due to energy conservation.
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NASA is conducting experiments similar to the anti-gravity shielding
experiments done in Tampere Finland. A scientist named Ning Li at the
University of Alabama Huntsville, is reported to be consulting with NASA.
She has written some interesting articles about the relationship between
superconductors and gravtiation. Here are references to some of her
published articles, and a few related items:
AUTHOR(s): Li, Ning and Torr, D.G.
TITLE(s) Effects of a Gravitomagnetic Field on pure superconductors
In: Phys. Rev. D,
JAN 15 1993 v 43 n 2 Page 457
AUTHOR(s): Torr, Douglas G. Li, Ning
TITLE(s): Gravitoelectric-Electric Coupling via Superconductivity.
In: Foundations of physics letters.
AUG 01 1993 v 6 n 4 Page 371
AUTHOR(s): Li, Ning and Torr, D.G.
TITLE(s): Gravitational effects on the magnetic attenuation of
superconductors.
In: Physical review. b, condensed matter.
SEP 01 1992 v 46 n 9 Page 5489
AUTHOR(s): Peng, Huei
TITLE(s): A New Approach to Studying Local Gravitomagnetic Effects on
a Superconductor.
In: General relativity and gravitation.
JUN 01 1990 v 22 n 6 Page 609
AUTHOR(s): Mashhoon, Bahram Paik, Jung Ho Will, Clifford M.
TITLE(s): Detection of the gravitomagnetic field using an orbiting
superconducting gravity gradiometer. Theoretical principles.
In: Physical review. D, Particles and fields.
MAY 15 1989 v 39 n 10 Page 2825
I haven't had the opportunity to read the articles by Drs. Li and Torr,
but I am told that in one of her articles, Dr Li provides the following
interesting comment --
" a detectable gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence of a
time-dependent applied magnetic vector potential field, a
detectable gravitoelectric field could be produced"
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There is also some information about Dr Ning Li at:
http://isl-garnet.uah.edu/RR93/uahmatsci.html
Dr Li is with the Applied Materials Lab at the University of Alabama
at Huntsville. She works closely with Dr Douglas Torr. One of their primary
interests is development and production of exotic materials in a microgravity
environment -- a peculiar coincidence, or maybe not, with the writing
of physical theories about how to produce anti-gravity in the laboratory.
Here's an unusual article from the website.
---------------
Can gravity be 'made' in the laboratory?
A theory that might lead to the creation of measurable manmade
gravitational fields has been developed by physicists at UAH.
If the theoretical work is borne out in the laboratory, it will prove
that physicist Albert Einstein was correct in predicting that moving
matter generates two kinds of gravitational fields: gravito-magnetic
and gravito-electric. The 'artificial' gravitational field would be
generated inside a container made of a superconducting material, said
Dr. Douglas Torr, a research professor of physics and director of
UAH's Optical Aeronomy Laboratory. "I think we can at the very least
generate a microscopic field ..." If Einstein was right, the amount of
gravito-magnetic energy produced by an object is proportional to its
mass and its movement, explained Dr. Ning Li, a research scientist in
UAH's Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research. To create the
artificial gravitational fields, Torr and Li propose placing a
superconducting container in a magnetic field to align ions that are
spinning or rotating in tiny circles inside the superconducting
material. Their theory predicts the existence of ionic spin or
rotation in a superconductor in a magnetic field.
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There are persistent rumors among UFO-buffs that NASA already has an
operating microgravity chamber, located in Houston TX and/or Huntsville AL.
One person, Robert Oechsler, reports that he has personally been inside
NASA's antigrav chamber. But, that's another story. For more info, see
the books "Alien Contact" and "Alien Update" by Timothy Good.
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Paper: hep-th/9412243
From: Vu.Ho@sci.monash.edu.au
Date: Sat, 31 Dec 1994 17:06:38 +1100
Title: Gravity as a coupling of two electromagnetic fields
Author: Vu B Ho
A discussion on a possibility to represent gravity as a coupling of
two equal and opposite electrogmanetic fields. Classically the
existence of equal and opposite electromagnetic fields can be
ignored altogether. However, the problem can be viewed differently
if we want to take into account possible quantum effects. We know
that in quantum mechanics the potentials themselves may be significant
and they may determine the dynamics of a particle in a region where
the fields vanish. (Aharonov and Bohm 1959, Peshkin and Tonomura 1983)
AN EXPERIMENT TO TEST THE GRAVITATIONAL AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT
Ho, Vu B. Morgan, Michael J. Monash University, Clayton, Victoria,
Australia 1994 8 PAGES, Australian Journal of Physics
(ISSN 0004-9506) vol. 47, no. 3 1994 p. 245-252 HTN-95-92507
The gravitational Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is examined in the weak-field
approximation to general relativity. In analogy with the electromagnetic AB
effect, we find that a gravitoelectromagnetic 4-vector potential gives rise
to interference effects. A matter wave interferometry experiment, based on a
modification of the gravity-induced quantum interference experiment of
Colella, Overhauser and Werner (COW), is proposed to explicitly test the
gravitoelectric version of the AB effect in a uniform gravitational field.
CASI Accession Number: A95-87327
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I recommend you get a copy of Aharonov and Bohm's classic paper
"Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory"
published in The Physical Review in 1959. One of the important things
that Aharonov and Bohm did was to demonstrate that the electromagnetic
potentials are richer in properties than the Maxwell fields. The field
is an artifical mathematical construct from which emerges the whole idea
of a continuum. When you can wean yourself of this intellectual crutch
you will be ready to do real physics. Both GR and QM are addicted to
the same falsehood.
-- Charles Cagle
In the Aharonov-Bohm effect it has been determined theortically and
experimentally that there is a measurable effect on a charged particle
due to the electromagnetic vector potential. Which of course would be no
surprise, except that the effect occurs even in areas of space where
the value of the classical electromagnetic fields vanish. A quantum
phase shift, detectable via particle interferometry, is found to occur
due to the magnetic vector potential A. The effect on a charged particle
occurs in regions which are completely shielded from classical
electromagnetic fields.
A dual of the Aharonov-Bohm effect is the Aharonov-Casher effect,
where it is shown that measurable effects of spin-precession of a
particle's magnetic moment can occur due to the electric potential,
even in areas of space where the classical electrical field is
completely absent.
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Prior to the revolutionary paper by Aharonov and Bohm in 1959, the
importance of the electomagnetic potential and related interferometry
effects, was suggested in articles by Edmund Whittaker in 1903 and 1904.
And, what is now known as the Aharonov-Bohm effect, was explicitly
identified in an earlier paper on electron optics by Ehrenberg and
Siday in 1949.
E.T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential equations of mathematical
physics," Mathematische Annalen, Vol 57, 1903, pages 333-355.
In this paper Whittaker demonstrates that all scalar EM potentials have
an internal, organized, bidirectional EM plane-wave structure. Thus
there exists an electromagnetics that is totally internal to the scalar
EM potential. Since vacuum/spacetime is scalar potential, then this
internal EM is in fact "internal" to the local potentialized vacuum/
spacetime.
-- Tom Bearden
E.T. Whittaker, "On an expression of the electromagnetic field due to
electrons by means of two scalar potential functions," Proceedings of
the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, Vol 1, 1904, pages 367-372.
In this paper Whittaker shows that all of classical electromagnetics
can be replaced by scalar potential interferometry. This ignored paper
anticipated the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect by 55 years, and drastically
extended it as well. Indeed, it prescribes a macroscopic AB effect that
is distance-independent, providing a direct and engineerable mechanism
for action-at-a-distance. It also provides a testable hidden-variable
theory that predicts drastically new and novel effects.
-- Tom Bearden
W. Ehrenberg and R. W. Siday, Proc. Phys. Soc. London, B62, 8 (1949)
Ten years earlier than Aharonov and Bohm, Ehrenberg and Siday
formulated the science of electron optics by defining the electron
refractive-index as a function of electromagnetic potential. Near the
end of their paper, they discuss "a curious effect", which is exactly the
AB effect. On the two sides of a magnetic flux, the vector potential has
different values. This means a different refractive index for two
geometrically equivalent paths. This difference in refractive index
would cause an observable phase shift.
-- Jun Liu
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Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials
in the Quantum Theory," Physical Review, Second Series, Vol 115 no 3,
pages 485-491 (1959)
Effects of potentials on charged particles exist even in the region
where all the fields (and therefore the forces on the particles) vanish,
contrary to classical electrodynamics. The quantum effects are due to
the phenomenon of interference. These effects occur in spite of Faraday
shielding. The Lorentz force does not appear anywhere in the fundamental
quantum theory, but appears only as an approximation that holds in the
classical limit. In QM, the fundamental physical entities are the
potentials, while the fields are derived from them by differentiation.
Herman Erlichson, "Aharonov-Bohm Effect and Quantum Effects on Charged
Particles in Field-Free Regions," American Journal of Physics,
Vol 38 No 2, Pages 162-173 (1970).
M. Danos, "Bohm-Aharonov effect. The quantum mechanics of the electrical
transformer," American Journal of Physics, Vol 50 No 1, pgs 64-66 (1982).
Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in normal-metal rings exhibit
Aharonov-Bohm Effect," Physics Today, Vol 39 No 1, pages 17-20 (Jan 1986)
S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu, "The quantum effects of electromagnetic
fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol 57 No2, April 1985.
Yoseph Imry and Richard Webb, "Quantum Interference and the Aharonov-
Bohm Effect", Scientific American, April 1989, pages 56-62
E. Merzbacher, "Single Valuedness of Wave Functions", American Journal
of Physics, Vol 30 No 4, pages 237-247 (April 1962)
Yoseph Imry, "The Physics of Mesoscopic Systems", Directions in Condensed
Matter Physics, World Scientific Publishing (1986)
Richard Webb and Sean Washburn, "Quantum Interference Fluctuations
in Disordered Metals", Physics Today, Vol 41 No 12 pages 46-53, Dec 1989
"STAR WARS NOW! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and
Soviet Weaponization" By T. E. Bearden, Tesla Book Company
Peshkin M. and Lipkin H.J. "Topology, Locality, and Aharonov-Bohm
Effect with Neutrons" Physical review letters APR 10 1995 v 74 n 15
Yakir Aharonov and Ady Stern, "Origin of the geometric forces
accompanying Berry's geometric potentials", Physical Review letters.
DEC 21 1992 v 69 n 25 Page 3593
Yakir Aharonov, Jeeva Anandan, and Sandu Popescu, "Superpositions of
time evolutions of a quantum system and a quantum time-translation
machine." Physical review letters. JUN 18 1990 v 64 n 25 Page 2965
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problem. Liu's theory violates the concept of invariance of physical
The Aharonov-Bohm effect has sparked a revolution in physical thought.
There are a variety of new ideas and experiments, such as verification
of Liu's theory, which could soon begin to fan it to a flame. When the
flame becomes sufficiently illuminating, watch the political scientists
begin to scramble for a comfortable seat nearer the fire.
-- Robert Stirniman
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