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Antigravity Bibliography - 3
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QUANTUM PHYSICS, ABSTRACT QUANT-PH/9506038
From: "Jun Liu"
Date: Sun, 25 Jun 1995 03:25:05 -0400
Potential Effect: Aharonov-Bohm Effect of Simply Connected Region
Author: Jun Liu
Comments: Prediction of a new effect. Numerical estimate given for
experimental verification. The referees disagree with each other on
the existence of this effect.
We study a generalization of Aharonov-Bohm effect, the potential
effect. The discussion is focused on field-free effects in simply
connected region, which obviously can not have any local field-flux.
Among the published discussions about this kind of effects, it is
generally agreed that this kind of effect does not exist due to
gauge invariance. However, there are also opinions that this effect
is a trivial variation of Aharonov-Bohm effect and therefore there
is no need to check its existence. To my knowledge, it has never
been tested. My first goal here is to supply enough theoretical
reason to motivate the experimental test of this effect. I start
with an intuitive derivation, then I introduce a wave-front theory
as a theoretical consideration. Logically, the existence of
potential effect implies the existence of the AB effect, but not
vice versa. The purpose of this paper is to provide a physical
connection in the opposite direction.
QUANTUM PHYSICS, ABSTRACT QUANT-PH/9510004
From: "Jun Liu"
Date: Thu, 5 Oct 1995 04:30:27 -0400
The Real Significance of the Electromagnetic Potentials
Author(s): J`un L'iu
The importance of the potential is revealed in a newly discovered
effect of the potential. This paper explore the same issue
introduced in quant-ph/9506038 from several different aspects
including electron optics and relativity. Some people fail to
recognize this effect due to a wrong application of gauge
invariance.
In the above two papers, Dr Liu proposes a theory of the electromagnetic
potential which is a radical extension of the well known Aharonov-Bohm
effect. In the second paper he is barely able to contain his frustration
about repeated publication rejections over the last four years from
leading physics journals. He provides a theoretical foundation for his
potential theory, as well as some relatively straight forward suggestions
for experiments which might confirm the theory. But there is an enormous
problem. Liu's theory violates the concept of invariance of physical
parameters under an electromagnetic gauge transformation. Electromagnetic
gauge invariance is a cornerstone in the foundation of quantum theory and
QED, and it is also part and parcel linked with the dogma of light speed
invariance. In other words, heresy.
The AB effect is invariant under an electromagnetic gauge transformation.
While a phase-shift occurs in the AB effect, it can be identified only
over a closed path and is impossible to identify with any specific
"local" region of space. Furthermore, in the AB effect, there is no
interaction relating to a transfer of energy or momentum. Maintaining
the idea of gauge invariance is a little harder to do in the Aharonov-Casher
effect, but it can be accomplished by "gauging away" the physical effects
of magnetic spin precession by using a combination of factors from the
classical Maxwell fields along with the electromagnetic potential. It
has the look of an elaborate parlor trick, but so does most of QED.
Liu's theory predicts that the electromagnetic potential acts like
a kind of "refractive index" to wave propogation, and is similar in
some respects to what was predicted in the earlier paper on electron
optics by Ehrenberg and Siday in 1949. The result is that in some
circumstances an electromagnetic potential causes a change in wavelength,
and in other circumstances causes a change in phase (AB effect). An effect
on wavelength would be manifested as a change in the envelope of the
interference pattern, rather than merely a shift in the pattern. In Liu's
theory an exchange of energy and momentum becomes possible. His theory
is relatively easy to test and verify, but oddly or not, no one has yet
done so. Maybe because we already "know" it can't be true?
One interesting prediction of Liu's theory is that electromagnetic
potential will result in time dilation. He doesn't appear to be
aware that there is already experimental evidence that this occurs.
See references to inventions and experiments by people such as Saxl,
Barker, and Keller, which demonstrate time dilation in an electric
potential. Time dilation can be viewed equivalently as a shift in
wavelength. Liu wishes for someone to conduct an experiment to test
for a change in wavelength by using a quantum interferometer. A fine
idea. But what about those experimenters who have already measured
this effect with a clock? Also see a variety of references here to
theories and experiments which relate the scalar electric potential
to the gravitational field, and time dilation is a well know, and
experimentally verified, prediction of general relativity.
The Aharonov-Bohm effect has sparked a revolution in physical thought.
There are a variety of new ideas and experiments, such as verification
of Liu's theory, which could soon begin to fan it to a flame. When the
flame becomes sufficiently illuminating, watch the political scientists
begin to scramble for a comfortable seat nearer the fire.
-- Robert Stirniman
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Over the last five years, there have been over 300 papers published
about various aspects of Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects,
and quantum interferometry. The subject relates to nearly all aspects
of modern physics. Here are selected examples:
AUTHOR(s): Semon, Mark D.
TITLE(s): The Aharonov-Bohm Effect: Still a Thought-Provoking
Experiment.
In: Foundations of physics.
JUL 01 1988 v 18 n 7 Page 731
AUTHOR(s): Furuya, Kazuhito
TITLE(s): Transient Response of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect.
In: Japanese journal of applied physics. part 1,
FEB 01 1989 v 28 n 2 Page 303
AUTHOR(s): Chetouani, L. Guechi, L. Hammann, T.F.
TITLE(s): Exact path integral solution of the coulomb plus
Aharonov-Bohm potential.
In: Journal of mathematical physics.
MAR 01 1989 v 30 n 3 Page 655
AUTHOR(s): Lee, Patrick A.
TITLE(s): Gauge field, Aharonov-Bohm Flux, and high-Tc
superconductivity.
In: Physical review letters.
AUG 07 1989 v 63 n 6 Page 680
AUTHOR(s): Bezerra, V.B.
TITLE(s): Gravitational analogs of the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Journal of mathematical physics.
DEC 01 1989 v 30 n 12 Page 2895
AUTHOR(s): Reznik, B. Aharonov, Y.
TITLE(s): Question of the nonlocality of the Aharonov-Casher effect.
In: Physical review. D, Particles and fields.
DEC 15 1989 v 40 n 12 Page 4178
AUTHOR(s): Stovicek, P.
TITLE(s): The Green function for the two-solenoid Aharonov-Bohm
effect.
In: Physics letters: [part A]
NOV 27 1989 v 142 n 1 Page 5
AUTHOR(s): Ellis, J.R.
TITLE(s): Dirac magnetic monopole and the Aharonov-Bohm solenoid in
the Poincare gauge.
In: Journal of physics A: Mathematical and general.
JAN 07 1990 v 23 n 1 Page 65
AUTHOR(s): Gerber, A. Deutscher, G.
TITLE(s): AC-to-DC conversion and Aharonov-Bohm effect in
percolating superconducting films.
In: Physical review letters.
MAR 26 1990 v 64 n 13 Page 1585
AUTHOR(s): Hagen, C.R.
TITLE(s): Exact equivalence of spin-1/2 Aharonov-Bohm and
Aharonov-Casher effects.
In: Physical review letters.
MAY 14 1990 v 64 n 20 Page 2347
AUTHOR(s): Afanase'ev, G.N.
TITLE(s): Old and new problems in the theory of the Aharonov-Bohm
effect.
In: Soviet journal of particles and nuclei.
JAN 01 1990 v 21 n 1 Page 74
AUTHOR(s): Silverman, M.P.
TITLE(s): Two-solenoid Aharonov-Bohm experiment with correlated
particles.
In: Physics letters: [part A]
AUG 13 1990 v 148 n 3/4 Page 154
AUTHOR(s): Gornicki, Pawel
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm Effect Vacuum Polarization.
In: Annals of physics.
SEP 01 1990 v 202 n 2 Page 271
AUTHOR(s): Gal'tsov, D.V.
Voropaev, S.A.
TITLE(s): Bremsstrahlung polarization in the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Moscow University physics bulletin.
1990 v 45 n 1 Page 8
AUTHOR(s): Padmanabhan, T.
TITLE(s): Vacuum polarization around an Aharonov-Bohm solenoid.
In: Pramana.
MAR 01 1991 v 36 n 3 Page 253
AUTHOR(s): Hagen, C.R.
TITLE(s): Spin dependence of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect.
In: International journal of modern physics A.
JUL 30 1991 v 6 n 18 Page 3119
AUTHOR(s): Dupuis, Nicolas Montambaux, Gilles
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm flux and statistics of energy levels in
metals.
In: Physical review B: Condensed matter.
JUN 15 1991 v 43 n 18 Page 14390
AUTHOR(s): Ortiz, M.E.
TITLE(s): Gravitational anyons, Chern-Simons-Witten gravity and the
gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Nuclear physics. b.
SEP 30 1991 v 363 n 1 Page 185
AUTHOR(s): Bezerra, V.B.
TITLE(s): Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect in a locally flat
spacetime.
In: Classical and quantum gravity.
OCT 01 1991 v 8 n 10 Page 1939
AUTHOR(s): Sitenko, Y.A.
TITLE(s): The Aharonov-Bohm effect and the inducing of vacuum charge
by a singular magnetic string.
In: Nuclear physics. b.
MAR 23 1992 v 372 n 3 Page 622
AUTHOR(s): March-Russell, John Preskill, John Wilczek, Frank
TITLE(s): Internal frame dragging and a global analog of the
Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Physical review letters.
APR 27 1992 v 68 n 17 Page 2567
AUTHOR(s): Krive, I.V. Rozhavsky, A.S.
TITLE(s): Non-Traditional Aharonov-Bohm Effects in Condensed Matter.
In: International journal of modern physics. B.
MAY 10 1992 v 6 n 9 Page 1255
AUTHOR(s): Krive, I. V. Zvyagin, A. A.
TITLE(s): Aharonov-casher effect in half-integer spin
antiferromagnets.
In: Modern physics letters. B, Condensed matter ph
JUN 20 1992 v 6 n 14 Page 871
AUTHOR(s): Zubkov, M.A. Polikarpov, M.I.
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm effect in lattice field theory.
In: JETP letters.
APR 25 1993 v 57 n 8 Page 461
AUTHOR(s): Duru, I. H.
TITLE(s): Casimir Force Between Two Aharonov-Bohm Solenoids.
In: Foundations of physics.
MAY 01 1993 v 23 n 5 Page 809
AUTHOR(s): Takai, Daisuke Ohta, Kuniichi
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm effect in the presence of magnetic flux and
electrostatic potential.
In: Physical review. b, condensed matter.
JUL 15 1993 v 48 n 3 Page 1537
AUTHOR(s): Allman, B.E. Cimmino, A. Klein, A.G.
TITLE(s): Observation of the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect by neutron
interferometry.
In: Physical review. A.
SEP 01 1993 v 48 n 3 Page 1799
AUTHOR(s): Jensen, Bjorn Kucera, Jaromir
TITLE(s): On a gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Journal of mathematical physics.
NOV 01 1993 v 34 n 11 Page 4975
AUTHOR(s): Maeda, J. Shizuya, K.
TITLE(s): Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov-Casher effects and
electromagnetic angular momentum.
In: Zeitschrift fur Physik C; particles and fields.
1993 v 60 n 2 Page 265
AUTHOR(s): Afanasiev, G.N.
TITLE(s): Toroidal solenoids in an electromagnetic field and toroidal
Aharonov-Casher effect.
In: Physica scripta.
OCT 01 1993 v 48 n 4 Page 385
AUTHOR(s): Moreau, William Ross, Dennis K.
TITLE(s): Complementary electric Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and opt
JUN 01 1994 v 49 n 6 Page 4348
AUTHOR(s): Ho, Vu B. Morgan, Michael J.
TITLE(s): An Experiment to Test the Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm
Effect.
In: Australian journal of physics.
1994 v 47 n 3 Page: 245
AUTHOR(s): Zeiske, K. Zinner, G. Helmcke, J.
TITLE(s): Atom interferometry in a static electric field:
Measurement of the Aharonov-Casher phase.
In: Applied physics. b, lasers and optics.
FEB 01 1995 v 60 n 2/3 Page: 205
AUTHOR(s): Sazonov, S.N.
TITLE(s): On Aharonov-Bohm Effect in Multiconnected Superconductor.
In: Acta physica Polonica, A.
DEC 01 1994 v 86 n 6 Page 987
AUTHOR(s): Reznik, B.
TITLE(s): Gravitational analogue of the Aharonov-Casher effect.
In: Physical review d: particles, fields, gravitat
MAR 15 1995 v 51 n 6 Page 3108
AUTHOR(s): Oh, Sangchul Ryu, Chang-Mo
TITLE(s): Persistent spin currents induced by the Aharonov-Casher
effect in mesoscopic rings.
In: Physical review B: Condensed matter.
MAY 15 1995 v 51 n 19 Page 13441
AUTHOR(s): Leadbeater, M. Lambert, C.J.
TITLE(s): Mesoscopic Superconducting Analogs of the
Aharonov-Bohm-Casher Effect.
In: Physical review letters.
MAY 29 1995 v 74 n 22 Page 4519
AUTHOR(s): Cook, Richard J. Fearn, Heidi Milonni, Peter W.
TITLE(s): Fizeau's experiment and the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In: American journal of physics.
AUG 01 1995 v 63 n 8 Page 705
AUTHOR(s): Yi, J. Jeon, G. S. Choi, M. Y.
TITLE(s): Dual Aharonov-Casher effect and persistent dipole current.
In: Physical review B: Condensed matter.
SEP 15 1995 v 52 n 11 Page 7838
AUTHOR(s): Audretsch, Jurgen Jasper, Ulf Skarzhinsky, Vladimir D.
TITLE(s): Bremsstrahlung of relativistic electrons in the
Aharonov-Bohm potential.
In: Physical review d: particles, fields, gravitat
FEB 15 1996 v 53 n 4 Page 2178
AUTHOR(s): Skarzhinsky, Vladimir D. Audretsch, Jurgen Jasper, Ulf
TITLE(s): Electron-positron pair production in the Aharonov-Bohm
potential.
In: Physical review d: particles, fields, gravitat
FEB 15 1996 v 53 n 4 Page 2190
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Time out for a summary.
. Hooper, as well as Carr, Rognerud, Jefimenko, et al, find that a
electromagnetic effect which is not shieldable, and hence difficult
to distinguish from gravitation, results from equal and opposite
electric currents (dipole-current), and that a similar effect can
also be generated by a moving magnet or a moving electric current.
. Recent experiments in Tampere Finland, discover a gravitational
shielding effect from a levitated rotating superconductor disk.
This is similar in some respects to Hooper's invention, with the
equal-and-opposite electric current being generated in a superconductor
disk via the Meissner effect.
. Sansbury, Volkov, Brown, Teller, Blackett, Zollner, et al, provide
theoretical arguments as well as some experimental indications that
equal-and-opposite electric charge (dipole-charge) is similar, or
equivalent, to a static gravitational field. And that alignment of
electric dipoles in matter and in vacuum polarization, can result in
a force which is not shieldable, and not easily distinguishable from
gravity. Conversely, it is well know that a gravitational field, an
acceleration, or a mechanical force, causes a dipole moment
(polarization) to occur within a dielectric material.
. Wallace, Laithwaite, Barnett, et al, discover that gravitational
and electromagnetic field effects occur due to alignment of the
microscopic spin of quantum particles with the angular momentum
spin axis of a larger macroscopic body.
. Aharonov and Bohm discover that an effect can occur on an electrically
charged particle due to the magnetic vector potential, in regions of
space where the classic Maxwell fields vanish. Originally -- on the
outside of infinitely long solenoid coil (with the magnetic field
cancelled by equal-and-opposite currents). Others have conducted this
experiment using a toroidal coil coated with superconductor material
(generating an equal-and-opposite current) to cause the Maxwell magnetic
field to vanish. A similar effect, Aharonov-Casher is disovered to
occur due to the electric scalar potential, in regions of space where
the Maxwell electric field vanishes.
. Whittaker, and Eherenberg and Siday, have written theories which
are precursors to Aharonov-Bohm, suggesting that the electromagnetic
potential is a far richer and more fundamental thing than the
Maxwell fields. The classical Maxwell fields are regarded as
artifical abstractions. We can also note that Maxwell's theory
itself, was originally much richer in variables (20 equations and
20 unknowns), before it was simplified by Gibbs and Heaviside,
to the vector formlation which we know as "Maxwell's" equations.
. Vu Ho authors a recent paper suggesting experiments relating the
electromagnetic potential and the Aharonov-Bohm effect to gravitation.
And in a more recent paper, using the mathematics of differential
geometry and general relativity, Dr Ho demonstrates that gravity can
be expressed mathematically as a coupling of two equal-and-opposite
electromagnetic fields.
. Jun Liu authors recent papers suggesting that the electromagnetic
potential is of paramount importance. Liu's theory predicts that "local"
effects can result from the potential in regions where the Maxwell
fields vanish -- a violation of the theory of invariance under electric
gauge transformations. Liu theory predicts that time dilation will
occur in an electric potential. Saxl, Barker, and Keller have conducted
earlier experiments which demonstrate time dilation in an electric
potential.
. Ning Li, a consulting scientist to NASA's Marshall Space Center,
who we might presume to know something, authors papers about the
relationship of gravito-electric and and gravito-magnetic forces to
the electromagnetic potential, and methods for generation of
gravitational effects with superconductor material. According to
Dr Li -- "a detectable gravitomagnetic field, and in the presence
of a time-dependent applied magnetic vector potential field, a
detectable gravitoelectric field could be produced."
How many clues do we need? Equal-and-opposite electric sources (dipole-
charges and/or dipole-currents) appear to effect the electromagnetic
potential in ways which are indistinguishable from gravitation. And
you know what they say about things that look like a duck.
The net sum of equal and opposite electromagnetic vectors is a zero
vector, but it is NOT the same situation as no vector. For skeptics and
diehards who are still having a hard time accepting the idea of electro-
gravitics, here's a simple experiment. Stand on a train track between
two locomotives which are pushing on you with equal force in opposite
directions. You will exhibit no net motion. None the less, you may soon
begin to notice that something important is happening.
-- Robert Stirniman
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